caa a22 4500 605471665 CHVBK 20210128100334.0 cr unu---uuuuu 210128e20150901xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s00382-014-2403-2 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s00382-014-2403-2 Rainfall mechanism over the rain-shadow region of north peninsular India [Elektronische Daten] [S. Narkhedkar, S. Morwal, B. Padmakumari, C. Deshpande, D. Kothawale, R. Maheskumar, J. Kulkarni] Rainfall mechanism over the rain-shadow region of north peninsular India during the summer monsoon season has been investigated using dynamic, thermodynamic, cloud microphysics and cloud dynamic (CMCD) forcings. Daily rainfall data has been used to understand rainfall variability. Daily ECMWF wind data for the period 2009-2011 have been used to study the wind divergence, shear and vertical velocity profiles. Daily thermodynamic parameters from upper air soundings of Hyderabad (17.448°N, 78.381°E), have been examined. Aircraft data have been used to study CMCD parameters. The divergence is found between surfaces to 850hPa level whereas the convergence is at 850hPa, which comes down to surface level during presence of low pressure systems. The divergence is observed at low (700hPa), mid (600-300hPa) and upper (250-150hPa) tropospheric levels. In consequence of these divergence structures, three types of cloud systems viz. shallow, congestus and deep are developed with bases just above 850hPa and tops at corresponding three divergent levels. The vertical profiles of relative humidity observed by radiosonde data have been analyzed to get the frequency distribution of shallow, congestus and deep clouds. The highest frequency observed is that of congestus clouds. The thermodynamic structure shows dry surface level and warm and moist middle troposphere with tongues of dry air and multilevel inversions which have been attributed to advection of aerosol-rich dry air. The aircraft observations showed high aerosol concentrations from surface to 5km, polluted clouds with cloud droplet effective radius smaller than that required for collision-coalescence process. The factors which are responsible for causing low rainfall over the rain-shadow area have been identified. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2014 Rain-shadow region nationallicence Peninsular India nationallicence Dynamical processes nationallicence Thermo-dynamical processes nationallicence Microphysical processes nationallicence Narkhedkar S. Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, 411 008, Pune, India aut Morwal S. Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, 411 008, Pune, India aut Padmakumari B. Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, 411 008, Pune, India aut Deshpande C. Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, 411 008, Pune, India aut Kothawale D. Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, 411 008, Pune, India aut Maheskumar R. Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, 411 008, Pune, India aut Kulkarni J. Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, 411 008, Pune, India aut Climate Dynamics Springer Berlin Heidelberg 45/5-6(2015-09-01), 1493-1512 0930-7575 45:5-6<1493 2015 45 382 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2403-2 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2403-2 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Narkhedkar S. Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, 411 008, Pune, India aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Morwal S. Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, 411 008, Pune, India aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Padmakumari B. Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, 411 008, Pune, India aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Deshpande C. Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, 411 008, Pune, India aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Kothawale D. Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, 411 008, Pune, India aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Maheskumar R. Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, 411 008, Pune, India aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Kulkarni J. Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, 411 008, Pune, India aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Climate Dynamics Springer Berlin Heidelberg 45/5-6(2015-09-01), 1493-1512 0930-7575 45:5-6<1493 2015 45 382