caa a22 4500 605472270 CHVBK 20210128100337.0 cr unu---uuuuu 210128e20150701xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s00382-014-2376-1 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s00382-014-2376-1 GCMs with implicit and explicit representation of cloud microphysics for simulation of extreme precipitation frequency [Elektronische Daten] [In-Sik Kang, Young-Min Yang, Wei-Kuo Tao] The present study aims to develop a general circulation model (GCM) with improved simulation of heavy precipitation frequency by improving the representations of cloud and rain processes. GCMs with conventional convective parameterizations produce common bias in precipitation frequency: they overestimate light precipitation and underestimate heavy precipitation with respect to observed values. This frequency shift toward light precipitation is attributed here to a lack of consideration of cloud microphysical processes related to heavy precipitation. The budget study of cloud microphysical processes using a cloud-resolving model shows that the melting of graupel and accretion of cloud water by graupel and rain water are important processes in the generation of heavy precipitation. However, those processes are not expressed explicitly in conventional GCMs with convective parameterizations. In the present study, the cloud microphysics is modified to allow its implementation into a GCM with a horizontal resolution of 50km. The newly developed GCM, which includes explicit cloud microphysics, produces more heavy precipitation and less light precipitation than conventional GCMs, thus simulating a precipitation frequency that is closer to the observed. This study demonstrates that the GCM requires a full representation of cloud microphysics to simulate the extreme precipitation frequency realistically. It is also shown that a coarse-resolution GCM with cloud microphysics requires an additional mixing process in the lower troposphere. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2014 Frequency of heavy precipitation nationallicence Cloud resolving model nationallicence GCM nationallicence Cold-cloud processes nationallicence Cloud microphysics nationallicence Kang In-Sik School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, 151-747, Seoul, South Korea aut Yang Young-Min International Pacific Research Center, SOEST, University of Hawaii, 96822, Honolulu, HI, USA aut Tao Wei-Kuo Mesoscale Atmospheric Processes Laboratory, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, 20771, Greenbelt, MD, USA aut Climate Dynamics Springer Berlin Heidelberg 45/1-2(2015-07-01), 325-335 0930-7575 45:1-2<325 2015 45 382 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2376-1 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2376-1 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Kang In-Sik School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, 151-747, Seoul, South Korea aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Yang Young-Min International Pacific Research Center, SOEST, University of Hawaii, 96822, Honolulu, HI, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Tao Wei-Kuo Mesoscale Atmospheric Processes Laboratory, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, 20771, Greenbelt, MD, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Climate Dynamics Springer Berlin Heidelberg 45/1-2(2015-07-01), 325-335 0930-7575 45:1-2<325 2015 45 382