caa a22 4500 605472319 CHVBK 20210128100337.0 cr unu---uuuuu 210128e20151201xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s00382-015-2552-y doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s00382-015-2552-y Land-sea warming contrast: the role of the horizontal energy transport [Elektronische Daten] [Olivier Geoffroy, David Saint-Martin, Aurore Voldoire] In this study we investigate the role of the mechanisms at play in the magnitude of the land-sea warming contrast and its intermodel spread in the fifth coupled models intercomparison project (CMIP5) simulations. In this aim, an energy-balance model (EBM), with one box representing the land area and two other boxes the near-surface and the deep ocean, is developed. In particular, a simple parameterization of the horizontal energy transport (HET) change between these two regions is proposed. The EBM is shown to capture the variation of the land and the ocean temperature responses and of the land-sea warming ratio in different idealized climate change experiments. By using this framework, we first show that the land-sea warming contrast is explained by the asymmetry in the strength of the HET between the land and ocean and not by land-sea differences in radiative feedbacks. Then we use a method of analysis of variance to infer the contributors to the intermodel spread in the land-sea warming ratio of climate models participating to CMIP5. The main contributor is found to be the HET with a contribution of about 70%. Finally, our results suggest that the asymmetric character of the HET dependency to the land and the ocean temperature responses may be primarily explained by the land-sea differences in surface specific humidity change for a given temperature change. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2015 Land-sea contrast nationallicence Horizontal energy transport nationallicence Forcing adjustment nationallicence Radiative feedbacks nationallicence Intermodel spread nationallicence Energy balance model nationallicence Climate sensitivity nationallicence Geoffroy Olivier CNRM/GAME, Météo-France/CNRS, 42 av. G. Coriolis, 31057, Toulouse, France aut Saint-Martin David CNRM/GAME, Météo-France/CNRS, 42 av. G. Coriolis, 31057, Toulouse, France aut Voldoire Aurore CNRM/GAME, Météo-France/CNRS, 42 av. G. Coriolis, 31057, Toulouse, France aut Climate Dynamics Springer Berlin Heidelberg 45/11-12(2015-12-01), 3493-3511 0930-7575 45:11-12<3493 2015 45 382 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2552-y text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2552-y text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Geoffroy Olivier CNRM/GAME, Météo-France/CNRS, 42 av. G. Coriolis, 31057, Toulouse, France aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Saint-Martin David CNRM/GAME, Météo-France/CNRS, 42 av. G. Coriolis, 31057, Toulouse, France aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Voldoire Aurore CNRM/GAME, Météo-France/CNRS, 42 av. G. Coriolis, 31057, Toulouse, France aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Climate Dynamics Springer Berlin Heidelberg 45/11-12(2015-12-01), 3493-3511 0930-7575 45:11-12<3493 2015 45 382