caa a22 4500 605473021 CHVBK 20210128100341.0 cr unu---uuuuu 210128e20151101xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s00382-015-2506-4 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s00382-015-2506-4 Location and variation of the summertime upper-troposphere temperature maximum over South Asia [Elektronische Daten] [Guoxiong Wu, Bian He, Yimin Liu, Qing Bao, Rongcai Ren] The upper-troposphere-temperature-maximum (UTTM) over South Asia is a pronounced feature in the Northern Hemisphere summer. Its formation mechanism is still unclear. This study shows that the latitude location of the upper-tropospheric warm-center (T) coincides with the subtropical anticyclone, and its longitude location is determined by the zonal distribution of vertical gradient of heating/cooling (Q z =∂Q/∂z), which is different from the Gill's model. Since both convective heating and radiation cooling decrease with height in the upper troposphere, the heating/cooling generates vertical northerly/southerly shear, leading to a warm/cold center being developed between heating in the east/west and cooling in the west/east. The location of the UTTM coincides with the South Asian High (SAH) and is between a radiation cooling in the west and the Asian-monsoon convection heating source in the east. The UTTM is sensitive to this convective heating: increased heating in the source region in a general circulation model causes intensification of both the SAH and UTTM, and imposing periodic convective heating there results in oscillations in the SAH, UTTM, and vertical motion to the west with the same period. Diagnoses of reanalysis indicate that such an inherent subtropical T-Q Z relation is significant at interannual timescale. During the end of the twentieth century, rainfall increase over South China is accompanied by an increasing northerly flow aloft and intensification in the SAH and UTTM to the west. Results demonstrate that the feedback of atmospheric circulation to rainfall anomalies is an important contributor to the regional climate anomaly pattern. The Author(s), 2015 Upper-troposphere temperature maximum (UTTM) nationallicence Feedback between rainfall and circulation nationallicence Temperature-vertical heating gradient ( T - Q Z ) relation nationallicence Wu Guoxiong State Key Lab of Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100029, Beijing, China aut He Bian State Key Lab of Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100029, Beijing, China aut Liu Yimin State Key Lab of Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100029, Beijing, China aut Bao Qing State Key Lab of Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100029, Beijing, China aut Ren Rongcai State Key Lab of Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100029, Beijing, China aut Climate Dynamics Springer Berlin Heidelberg 45/9-10(2015-11-01), 2757-2774 0930-7575 45:9-10<2757 2015 45 382 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2506-4 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2506-4 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Wu Guoxiong State Key Lab of Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100029, Beijing, China aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- He Bian State Key Lab of Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100029, Beijing, China aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Liu Yimin State Key Lab of Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100029, Beijing, China aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Bao Qing State Key Lab of Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100029, Beijing, China aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Ren Rongcai State Key Lab of Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100029, Beijing, China aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Climate Dynamics Springer Berlin Heidelberg 45/9-10(2015-11-01), 2757-2774 0930-7575 45:9-10<2757 2015 45 382