caa a22 4500 60547320X CHVBK 20210128100341.0 cr unu---uuuuu 210128e20150201xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s00382-015-2467-7 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s00382-015-2467-7 Tropical Pacific mean state and ENSO changes: sensitivity to freshwater flux and remnant ice sheets at 9.5ka BP [Elektronische Daten] [Yihua Luan, Pascale Braconnot, Yongqiang Yu, Weipeng Zheng] The early Holocene, about 9,500years ago (9.5ka BP), was still affected by the presence of remnant ice sheets and their melting. Using as a reference a simulation of the early Holocene, the present study explores the relative contribution of these two factors on the climate mean state and ENSO variability in the tropical Pacific with the IPSL coupled model. The melting water flux and remnant ice sheets both induce a North Atlantic cooling and a southward shift of the ITCZ. Atmospheric teleconnections and local coupled ocean-atmosphere feedbacks lead to a remote SST cooling in the eastern equatorial Pacific. Both forcing factors also weaken the SST annual cycle in the eastern equatorial Pacific, closely related to the zonal wind stress anomalies. Compared with the early Holocene reference run, the freshwater flux experiment exhibits enhanced ENSO amplitude. A feedback analysis suggests that it is due to the wind-thermocline feedback. The remnant ice sheet experiment does not show significant change in ENSO. It exhibits a slight SST variability increase at the east coast and a reduction in the middle of the basin driven by the net heat flux feedback. All experiments reproduce the classical Eastern Pacific (EP) El Niño, and the central Pacific El Niño. The freshwater flux forcing strengthens the amplitude of EP El Niño events due to the stronger wind-thermocline feedback in this experiment. These results suggest that ice sheet melting and the remnant ice-sheet have partially counteracted the insolation forcing in the early Holocene. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2015 ENSO nationallicence Early Holocene nationallicence Freshwater flux nationallicence Remnant ice sheet nationallicence Luan Yihua State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 100029, Beijing, China aut Braconnot Pascale Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE/IPSL), Unité mixte CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Orme des Merisiers, 91191, Gif Sur Yvette, France aut Yu Yongqiang State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 100029, Beijing, China aut Zheng Weipeng State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 100029, Beijing, China aut Climate Dynamics Springer Berlin Heidelberg 44/3-4(2015-02-01), 661-678 0930-7575 44:3-4<661 2015 44 382 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2467-7 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2467-7 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Luan Yihua State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 100029, Beijing, China aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Braconnot Pascale Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE/IPSL), Unité mixte CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Orme des Merisiers, 91191, Gif Sur Yvette, France aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Yu Yongqiang State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 100029, Beijing, China aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Zheng Weipeng State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 100029, Beijing, China aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Climate Dynamics Springer Berlin Heidelberg 44/3-4(2015-02-01), 661-678 0930-7575 44:3-4<661 2015 44 382