caa a22 4500 605477086 CHVBK 20210128100359.0 cr unu---uuuuu 210128e20151001xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s00787-015-0677-5 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s00787-015-0677-5 Maternal heavy alcohol use and toddler behavior problems: a fixed effects regression analysis [Elektronische Daten] [Ann Knudsen, Eivind Ystrom, Jens Skogen, Leila Torgersen] Using data from the longitudinal Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study, the aims of the current study were to examine associations between postnatal maternal heavy alcohol use and toddler behavior problems, taking both observed and unobserved confounding factors into account by employing fixed effects regression models. Postnatal maternal heavy alcohol use (defined as drinking alcohol 4 or more times a week, or drinking 7 units or more per alcohol use episode) and toddler internalizing and externalizing behavior problems were assessed when the toddlers were aged 18 and 36months. Maternal psychopathology, civil status and negative life events last year were included as time-variant covariates. Maternal heavy alcohol use was associated with toddler internalizing and externalizing behavior problems (p<0.001) in the population when examined with generalized estimating equation models. The associations disappeared when observed and unobserved sources of confounding were taken into account in the fixed effects models [(p=0.909 for externalizing behaviors (b=0.002, SE=0.021), p=0.928 for internalizing behaviors (b=0.002, SE=0.023)], with an even further reduction of the estimates with the inclusion of time-variant confounders. No causal effect was found between postnatal maternal heavy alcohol use and toddler behavior problems. Increased levels of behavior problems among toddlers of heavy drinking mothers should therefore be attributed to other adverse characteristics associated with these mothers, toddlers and families. This should be taken into account when interventions aimed at at-risk families identified by maternal heavy alcohol use are planned and conducted. The Author(s), 2015 Heavy alcohol use nationallicence Fixed effects models nationallicence Repeated measures nationallicence Behavior problems nationallicence Knudsen Ann Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Kalfarveien 31, 5018, Bergen, Norway aut Ystrom Eivind Department of Genetics, Environment and Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway aut Skogen Jens Department of Public Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway aut Torgersen Leila Department of Psychosomatics and Health Behavior, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway aut European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Springer Berlin Heidelberg 24/10(2015-10-01), 1269-1277 1018-8827 24:10<1269 2015 24 787 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-015-0677-5 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-015-0677-5 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Knudsen Ann Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Kalfarveien 31, 5018, Bergen, Norway aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Ystrom Eivind Department of Genetics, Environment and Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Skogen Jens Department of Public Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Torgersen Leila Department of Psychosomatics and Health Behavior, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Springer Berlin Heidelberg 24/10(2015-10-01), 1269-1277 1018-8827 24:10<1269 2015 24 787