caa a22 4500 605477663 CHVBK 20210128100402.0 cr unu---uuuuu 210128e20150201xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s00787-014-0577-0 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s00787-014-0577-0 Comorbidity of ADHD and incontinence in children [Elektronische Daten] [Alexander von Gontard, Monika Equit] ADHD and incontinence are common childhood disorders which co-occur at much higher rates than expected by chance. The aim of this review was to provide an overview both of the comorbidity of nocturnal enuresis (NE), daytime urinary incontinence (DUI) and faecal incontinence (FI) in children with ADHD; and, vice versa, of the co-occurrence of ADHD in children with NE, DUI and FI. Most clinical studies have focussed on the association of ADHD and NE. Population-based studies have shown that children with DUI have an even greater risk for ADHD than those with NE. While children with FI have the highest overall comorbidity rates of psychological disorders, these are heterogeneous with a wide range of internalising and externalising disorders—not necessarily of ADHD. Genetic studies indicate that ADHD and NE, DUI and FI do not share the same genetic basis. The comorbidity is conferred by non-genetic factors. Possible aetiological and pathogenetic links between ADHD and incontinence are provided by neurophysiological, imaging and pharmacological studies. The co-occurrence has clinical implications: children with ADHD and NE, DUI and FI are more difficult to treat, show lower compliance and have less favourable treatment outcomes for incontinence. Therefore, both groups of disorders have to be assessed and treated specifically. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2014 ADHD nationallicence Nocturnal enuresis nationallicence Daytime urinary incontinence nationallicence Faecal incontinence nationallicence Enuresis nationallicence Comorbidity nationallicence ACC : Anterior cingulated cortex nationallicence ADHD : Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder nationallicence CBCL : Child behaviour checklist nationallicence CNS : Central nervous system nationallicence DSM-IV/5 : Diagnostic and statistical manual IV/5 nationallicence DUI : Daytime urinary incontinence nationallicence ENS : Enteric nervous system nationallicence FI : Faecal incontinence or encopresis nationallicence HKD : Hyperkinetic disorder nationallicence ICCS : International children's continence society nationallicence ICD-10 : International classification of diseases nationallicence MPH : Methylphenidate nationallicence NE : Nocturnal enuresis nationallicence ODD : Oppositional defiant disorder nationallicence OR : Odds ratio nationallicence PAG : Periaqueductal grey nationallicence PFC : Prefrontal cortex nationallicence PMC : Pontine micturition centre nationallicence PPI : Prepulse inhibition nationallicence TCA : Tricyclic antidepressant nationallicence von Gontard Alexander Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, 66421, Homburg, Germany aut Equit Monika Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, 66421, Homburg, Germany aut European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Springer Berlin Heidelberg 24/2(2015-02-01), 127-140 1018-8827 24:2<127 2015 24 787 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-014-0577-0 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence 1 review-article jats NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-014-0577-0 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- von Gontard Alexander Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, 66421, Homburg, Germany aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Equit Monika Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, 66421, Homburg, Germany aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Springer Berlin Heidelberg 24/2(2015-02-01), 127-140 1018-8827 24:2<127 2015 24 787