caa a22 4500 605478686 CHVBK 20210128100406.0 cr unu---uuuuu 210128e20150101xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s10741-014-9436-9 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s10741-014-9436-9 Amino acids and derivatives, a new treatment of chronic heart failure? [Elektronische Daten] [Valentina Carubelli, Anna Castrini, Valentina Lazzarini, Mihai Gheorghiade, Marco Metra, Carlo Lombardi] Amino acids play a key role in multiple cellular processes. Amino acids availability is reduced in patients with heart failure (HF) with deleterious consequences on cardiac and whole-body metabolism. Several metabolic abnormalities have been identified in the failing heart, and many of them lead to an increased need of amino acids. Recently, several clinical trials have been conducted to demonstrate the benefits of amino acids supplementation in patients with HF. Although they have shown an improvement of exercise tolerance and, in some cases, of left ventricular function, they have many limitations, namely small sample size, differences in patients' characteristics and nutritional supplementations, and lack of data regarding outcomes. Moreover recent data suggest that a multi-nutritional approach, including also antioxidants, vitamins, and metals, may be more effective. Larger trials are needed to ascertain safety, efficacy, and impact on prognosis of such an approach in HF. Springer Science+Business Media New York, 2014 Heart failure nationallicence Chronic heart failure nationallicence Nutrition nationallicence Essential amino acids nationallicence Amino acids nationallicence Supplementation nationallicence 6MWD : 6-min walking distance nationallicence AAs : Amino acids nationallicence ATP : Adenosine triphosphate nationallicence BID : Twice daily nationallicence BMI : Body mass index nationallicence BW : Body weight nationallicence CAD : Coronary arteries disease nationallicence CHF : Chronic heart failure nationallicence COPD : Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease nationallicence CRP : C-reactive protein nationallicence GH : Growth hormone nationallicence HF : Heart failure nationallicence HFpEF : Heart failure preserved ejection fraction nationallicence IGF-1 : Insulin-like growth factor 1 nationallicence IL-1 : Interleukin 1 nationallicence IV : Intravenous nationallicence LVEDD : Left ventricle end-diastolic diameter nationallicence LVEDV : Left ventricle end-diastolic volume nationallicence LVEF : Left ventricle ejection fraction nationallicence LVESV : Left ventricle end-systolic volume nationallicence MET : Metabolic equivalent nationallicence MLWHFQ : Minnesota Living With Heart Failure Questionnaire nationallicence NO : Nitric oxide nationallicence NOS : Nitric oxide synthase nationallicence NYHA : New York Heart Association nationallicence OD : Once daily nationallicence sPAP : Systolic pulmonary artery pressure nationallicence RVEF : Right ventricle ejection fraction nationallicence TID : Three times daily nationallicence TNF-α : Tumor necrosis factor α nationallicence Carubelli Valentina Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy aut Castrini Anna Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy aut Lazzarini Valentina Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy aut Gheorghiade Mihai Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA aut Metra Marco Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy aut Lombardi Carlo Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy aut Heart Failure Reviews Springer US; http://www.springer-ny.com 20/1(2015-01-01), 39-51 1382-4147 20:1<39 2015 20 10741 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-014-9436-9 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-014-9436-9 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Carubelli Valentina Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Castrini Anna Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Lazzarini Valentina Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Gheorghiade Mihai Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Metra Marco Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Lombardi Carlo Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Heart Failure Reviews Springer US; http://www.springer-ny.com 20/1(2015-01-01), 39-51 1382-4147 20:1<39 2015 20 10741