caa a22 4500 605478910 CHVBK 20210128100407.0 cr unu---uuuuu 210128e20150701xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s10741-015-9475-x doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s10741-015-9475-x Effects of apelin on the cardiovascular system [Elektronische Daten] [Anna Folino, Pier Montarolo, Michele Samaja, Raffaella Rastaldo] Apelin is an endogenous peptide acting on the APJ receptor. It consists of several isoforms characterized by different numbers of amino acids. The number of amino acids in the active isoforms range from 36 to 12. Apelin-13 and, to a lesser extent, apelin-36 are considered the most active isoforms with the greatest activity on the cardiovascular homeostasis. The effects normally exerted by the basal level of endogenous apelin can be enhanced not only by its up-regulation, but may also by its exogenous administration. The present review considers the effects of apelin on various aspects of the cardiovascular function, such as cardiac development, vasomotor tone, angiogenesis, myocardial inotropy in healthy and failing hearts as well as the prevention of ischemia-reperfusion injury, cardiac fibrosis and remodeling. Also the biphasic changes in apelin level during the evolution of heart failure are considered. Although the positive inotropic effect exerted by apelin in normal and failing hearts would suggest the use of this peptide in the treatment of heart failure, the limited duration and extent of its effect do not support this possibility, unless a long-lasting (6h) infusion is performed to overcome the limit of its short life. However, although the data on the characteristics of the inotropic activity do not provide a strong support for the treatment of active heart failure, apelin may be used in the prevention of heart failure because of its activity in limiting the consequences of myocardial ischemia such as infarct size and cardiac remodeling. Springer Science+Business Media New York, 2015 Apelin/APJ system nationallicence Heart failure nationallicence Ischemia-reperfusion injury nationallicence Contractility nationallicence Cardiac protection nationallicence Renin-angiotensin system nationallicence Folino Anna Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, C.so Raffaello 30, 10125, Turin, Italy aut Montarolo Pier Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, C.so Raffaello 30, 10125, Turin, Italy aut Samaja Michele Department of Health Science, University of Milan - San Paolo, Via di Rudinì 8, 20142, Milan, Italy aut Rastaldo Raffaella Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy aut Heart Failure Reviews Springer US; http://www.springer-ny.com 20/4(2015-07-01), 505-518 1382-4147 20:4<505 2015 20 10741 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-015-9475-x text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-015-9475-x text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Folino Anna Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, C.so Raffaello 30, 10125, Turin, Italy aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Montarolo Pier Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, C.so Raffaello 30, 10125, Turin, Italy aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Samaja Michele Department of Health Science, University of Milan - San Paolo, Via di Rudinì 8, 20142, Milan, Italy aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Rastaldo Raffaella Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Heart Failure Reviews Springer US; http://www.springer-ny.com 20/4(2015-07-01), 505-518 1382-4147 20:4<505 2015 20 10741