caa a22 4500 605526990 CHVBK 20210128100806.0 cr unu---uuuuu 210128e20151101xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s10531-015-0989-2 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s10531-015-0989-2 The impacts, characterisation and management of human-leopard conflict in a multi-use land system in South Africa [Elektronische Daten] [N. Constant, S. Bell, R. Hill] Human-carnivore conflict represents a global problem, negatively impacting carnivore populations and local livelihoods worldwide. Game farming in South Africa has increased introducing a new form of conflict due to predation on game, but is poorly understood. We contribute to this deficit by adopting an interdisciplinary research approach bringing together quantitative and qualitative data with longitudinal engagement with farmers. We assess the impacts, characteristics and management of human-leopard conflict on game and livestock in the Blouberg Mountain Range. Leopards represented 89% of reported game attacks with the highest number of attacks on impala and 60% of reported livestock attacks. The economic costs of leopard predation were highest for nyala compared to other game species and the financial cattle and donkey losses represented large economic costs for communal farmers compared to commercial farmers. Both farming communities experienced a reduced sense of wellbeing and for communal farmers, negative spiritual and cultural impacts. The spatial predation risk of game attacks were most affected by increasing distance to water and the risk of predation on livestock attacks increased further away from villages. Livestock attacks were associated with seasonal grazing patterns and the erosion of traditional management livestock strategies due to the economic costs of their implementation and the migrant labour system altering management roles in the community. The timing of game attacks by leopards was related to the birthing seasons for game and seasonal changes in water supply. Similarly, temporal patterns on livestock were related to the calving season and land degradation in communal areas. The Author(s), 2015 Carnivores nationallicence Leopards nationallicence Human-wildlife conflict nationallicence Risk of predation nationallicence Game predation nationallicence Livestock predation nationallicence Constant N. Department of Anthropology, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE, Durham, UK aut Bell S. Department of Anthropology, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE, Durham, UK aut Hill R. Department of Anthropology, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE, Durham, UK aut Biodiversity and Conservation Springer Netherlands 24/12(2015-11-01), 2967-2989 0960-3115 24:12<2967 2015 24 10531 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-015-0989-2 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-015-0989-2 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Constant N. Department of Anthropology, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE, Durham, UK aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Bell S. Department of Anthropology, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE, Durham, UK aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Hill R. Department of Anthropology, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE, Durham, UK aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Biodiversity and Conservation Springer Netherlands 24/12(2015-11-01), 2967-2989 0960-3115 24:12<2967 2015 24 10531