caa a22 4500 605541833 CHVBK 20210128100918.0 cr unu---uuuuu 210128e20150101xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s10071-014-0788-2 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s10071-014-0788-2 Visible and invisible displacement with dynamic visual occlusion in bottlenose dolphins ( Tursiops spp) [Elektronische Daten] [Christine Johnson, Jess Sullivan, Cara Buck, Julie Trexel, Mike Scarpuzzi] Anticipating the location of a temporarily obscured target—what Piaget (the construction of reality in the child. Basic Books, New York, 1954) called "object permanence”—is a critical skill, especially in hunters of mobile prey. Previous research with bottlenose dolphins found they could predict the location of a target that had been visibly displaced into an opaque container, but not one that was first placed in an opaque container and then invisibly displaced to another container. We tested whether, by altering the task to involve occlusion rather than containment, these animals could show more advanced object permanence skills. We projected dynamic visual displays at an underwater-viewing window and videotaped the animals' head moves while observing these displays. In Experiment 1, the animals observed a small black disk moving behind occluders that shifted in size, ultimately forming one large occluder. Nine out of ten subjects "tracked” the presumed movement of the disk behind this occluder on their first trial—and in a statistically significant number of subsequent trials—confirming their visible displacement abilities. In Experiment 2, we tested their invisible displacement abilities. The disk first disappeared behind a pair of moving occluders, which then moved behind a stationary occluder. The moving occluders then reappeared and separated, revealing that the disk was no longer behind them. The subjects subsequently looked to the correct stationary occluder on eight of their ten first trials, and in a statistically significant number of subsequent trials. Thus, by altering the stimuli to be more ecologically valid, we were able to show that the dolphins could indeed succeed at an invisible displacement task. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2014 Object permanence nationallicence Invisible displacement nationallicence Bottlenose dolphins nationallicence Occlusion nationallicence Secondary representations nationallicence Johnson Christine Department of Cognitive Science, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA aut Sullivan Jess Department of Psychology, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA aut Buck Cara Department of Psychology, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA aut Trexel Julie Department of Cognitive Science, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA aut Scarpuzzi Mike Sea World San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA aut Animal Cognition Springer Berlin Heidelberg 18/1(2015-01-01), 179-193 1435-9448 18:1<179 2015 18 10071 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-014-0788-2 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-014-0788-2 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Johnson Christine Department of Cognitive Science, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Sullivan Jess Department of Psychology, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Buck Cara Department of Psychology, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Trexel Julie Department of Cognitive Science, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Scarpuzzi Mike Sea World San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Animal Cognition Springer Berlin Heidelberg 18/1(2015-01-01), 179-193 1435-9448 18:1<179 2015 18 10071