caa a22 4500 605542171 CHVBK 20210128100920.0 cr unu---uuuuu 210128e20150501xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s10071-015-0838-4 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s10071-015-0838-4 Giant pandas failed to show mirror self-recognition [Elektronische Daten] [Xiaozan Ma, Yuan Jin, Bo Luo, Guiquan Zhang, Rongping Wei, Dingzhen Liu] Mirror self-recognition (MSR), i.e., the ability to recognize oneself in a mirror, is considered a potential index of self-recognition and the foundation of individual development. A wealth of literature on MSR is available for social animals, such as chimpanzees, Asian elephants and dolphins, yet little is known about MSR in solitary mammalian species. We aimed to evaluate whether the giant panda can recognize itself in the mirror, and whether this capacity varies with age. Thirty-four captive giant pandas (F:M=18:16; juveniles, sub-adults and adults) were subjected to four mirror tests: covered mirror tests, open mirror tests, water mark control tests, and mark tests. The results showed that, though adult, sub-adult and juvenile pandas exposed to mirrors spent similar amounts of time in social mirror-directed behaviors (χ2=0.719, P=0.698), none of them used the mirror to touch the mark on their head, a self-directed behavior suggesting MSR. Individuals of all age groups initially displayed attacking, threatening, foot scraping and backwards walking behaviors when exposed to their self-images in the mirror. Our data indicate that, regardless of age, the giant pandas did not recognize their self-image in the mirror, but instead considered the image to be a conspecific. Our results add to the available information on mirror self-recognition in large mammals, provide new information on a solitary species, and will be useful for enclosure design and captive animal management. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2015 Giant pandas nationallicence Mirror self-recognition nationallicence Age difference nationallicence Solitary animals nationallicence Self-cognition nationallicence Ma Xiaozan Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China aut Jin Yuan Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China aut Luo Bo Key Laboratory for Reproduction and Conservation Genetics of Endangered Wildlife of Sichuan Province, China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Wolong, Sichuan, China aut Zhang Guiquan Key Laboratory for Reproduction and Conservation Genetics of Endangered Wildlife of Sichuan Province, China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Wolong, Sichuan, China aut Wei Rongping Key Laboratory for Reproduction and Conservation Genetics of Endangered Wildlife of Sichuan Province, China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Wolong, Sichuan, China aut Liu Dingzhen Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China aut Animal Cognition Springer Berlin Heidelberg 18/3(2015-05-01), 713-721 1435-9448 18:3<713 2015 18 10071 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-015-0838-4 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-015-0838-4 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Ma Xiaozan Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Jin Yuan Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Luo Bo Key Laboratory for Reproduction and Conservation Genetics of Endangered Wildlife of Sichuan Province, China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Wolong, Sichuan, China aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Zhang Guiquan Key Laboratory for Reproduction and Conservation Genetics of Endangered Wildlife of Sichuan Province, China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Wolong, Sichuan, China aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Wei Rongping Key Laboratory for Reproduction and Conservation Genetics of Endangered Wildlife of Sichuan Province, China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Wolong, Sichuan, China aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Liu Dingzhen Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Animal Cognition Springer Berlin Heidelberg 18/3(2015-05-01), 713-721 1435-9448 18:3<713 2015 18 10071