caa a22 4500 605542260 CHVBK 20210128100920.0 cr unu---uuuuu 210128e20150701xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s10071-015-0854-4 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s10071-015-0854-4 Krause Mark Department of Psychology, Southern Oregon University, 97520, Ashland, OR, USA aut Evolutionary perspectives on learning: conceptual and methodological issues in the study of adaptive specializations [Elektronische Daten] [Mark Krause] Inquiry into evolutionary adaptations has flourished since the modern synthesis of evolutionary biology. Comparative methods, genetic techniques, and various experimental and modeling approaches are used to test adaptive hypotheses. In psychology, the concept of adaptation is broadly applied and is central to comparative psychology and cognition. The concept of an adaptive specialization of learning is a proposed account for exceptions to general learning processes, as seen in studies of Pavlovian conditioning of taste aversions, sexual responses, and fear. The evidence generally consists of selective associations forming between biologically relevant conditioned and unconditioned stimuli, with conditioned responses differing in magnitude, persistence, or other measures relative to non-biologically relevant stimuli. Selective associations for biologically relevant stimuli may suggest adaptive specializations of learning, but do not necessarily confirm adaptive hypotheses as conceived of in evolutionary biology. Exceptions to general learning processes do not necessarily default to an adaptive specialization explanation, even if experimental results "make biological sense”. This paper examines the degree to which hypotheses of adaptive specializations of learning in sexual and fear response systems have been tested using methodologies developed in evolutionary biology (e.g., comparative methods, quantitative and molecular genetics, survival experiments). A broader aim is to offer perspectives from evolutionary biology for testing adaptive hypotheses in psychological science. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2015 Adaptation nationallicence Pavlovian conditioning nationallicence Adaptive specialization nationallicence Comparative psychology nationallicence Animal behavior nationallicence Animal Cognition Springer Berlin Heidelberg 18/4(2015-07-01), 807-820 1435-9448 18:4<807 2015 18 10071 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-015-0854-4 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence 1 review-article jats NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-015-0854-4 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 100 1- Krause Mark Department of Psychology, Southern Oregon University, 97520, Ashland, OR, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Animal Cognition Springer Berlin Heidelberg 18/4(2015-07-01), 807-820 1435-9448 18:4<807 2015 18 10071