caa a22 4500 605542635 CHVBK 20210128100922.0 cr unu---uuuuu 210128e20150901xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s10071-015-0883-z doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s10071-015-0883-z Song plasticity over time and vocal learning in clay-colored thrushes [Elektronische Daten] [Luis Vargas-Castro, Natalie Sánchez, Gilbert Barrantes] Songbirds have been traditionally classified into close-ended or open-ended learning species according to the length of the sensitive period during which birds are able to memorize new vocalizations. Closed-ended learners are generally not capable of changing their song after the first year of life, while open-ended learners show song plasticity as adults. A few Turdus species have been suggested to be open-ended learners, but no long-term study has been conducted to investigate their song plasticity over time. We analyzed the songs of clay-colored thrushes, T. grayi, over four successive breeding seasons to assess song plasticity in their syllable repertoires within and between breeding seasons. A total of 16,262 syllables were classified through visual inspection of spectrograms and multidimensional scaling analysis based on spectrogram correlations. On average, 563±153 (SD) syllables per male per breeding season were analyzed. Male repertoire size was 9-20 syllable types. Males were capable of modifying their syllable repertoire between the initial and final periods of the breeding season. Song plasticity within breeding seasons may be associated with imitation between neighboring males, suggesting song learning in males that were ≥2years old. This short-term plasticity is not enough, however, to explain the high proportion of change (mean=65% syllable types) in repertoire composition between breeding seasons in adult males. Song plasticity resulting from annual changes in repertoire composition could be explained by open-ended learning, but another mechanism, extended memory and re-expression, could also explain long-term plasticity. Experimental studies controlling the acoustic environment are needed to determine which mechanism is responsible for such a high level of song plasticity. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2015 Open-ended learning nationallicence Syllable repertoire nationallicence Behavioral plasticity nationallicence Repertoire size nationallicence Song re-expression nationallicence Turdus nationallicence Vargas-Castro Luis Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica aut Sánchez Natalie Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica aut Barrantes Gilbert Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica aut Animal Cognition Springer Berlin Heidelberg 18/5(2015-09-01), 1113-1123 1435-9448 18:5<1113 2015 18 10071 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-015-0883-z text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-015-0883-z text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Vargas-Castro Luis Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Sánchez Natalie Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Barrantes Gilbert Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Animal Cognition Springer Berlin Heidelberg 18/5(2015-09-01), 1113-1123 1435-9448 18:5<1113 2015 18 10071