caa a22 4500 605543143 CHVBK 20210128100925.0 cr unu---uuuuu 210128e20150701xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s00109-015-1297-8 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s00109-015-1297-8 Autophagy in autoimmune disease [Elektronische Daten] [Zhen Yang, Jörg Goronzy, Cornelia Weyand] Autophagy is a protective and life-sustaining process in which cytoplasmic components are packaged into double-membrane vesicles and targeted to lysosomes for degradation. This process of cellular self-digestion is an essential stress response and is cytoprotective by removing damaged organelles and proteins that threaten the cell's survival. Key outcomes include energy generation and recycling of metabolic precursors. In the immune system, autophagy regulates processes such as antigen uptake and presentation, removal of pathogens, survival of short- and long-lived immune cells, and cytokine-dependent inflammation. In all cases, a window of optimal autophagic activity appears critical to balance catabolic, reparative, and inflammation-inducing processes. Dysregulation of autophagosome formation and autophagic flux can have deleterious consequences, ranging from a failure to "clean house” to the induction of autophagy-induced cell death. Abnormalities in the autophagic pathway have been implicated in numerous autoimmune diseases. Genome-wide association studies have linked polymorphisms in autophagy-related genes with predisposition for tissue-destructive inflammatory disease, specifically in inflammatory bowel disease and systemic lupus erythematosus. Although the precise mechanisms by which dysfunctional autophagy renders the host susceptible to continuous inflammation remain unclear, autophagy's role in regulating the long-term survival of adaptive immune cells has recently surfaced as a defect in multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Efforts are underway to identify autophagy-inducing and autophagy-suppressing pharmacologic interventions that can be added to immunosuppressive therapy to improve outcomes of patients with autoimmune disease. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2015 Autophagy nationallicence Autoimmune disease nationallicence Rheumatoid arthritis nationallicence Systemic lupus erythematosus nationallicence Crohn's disease nationallicence Multiple sclerosis nationallicence Yang Zhen Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CCSR Building Rm 2225, 269 Campus Drive West, 94305-5166, Stanford, CA, USA aut Goronzy Jörg Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CCSR Building Rm 2225, 269 Campus Drive West, 94305-5166, Stanford, CA, USA aut Weyand Cornelia Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CCSR Building Rm 2225, 269 Campus Drive West, 94305-5166, Stanford, CA, USA aut Journal of Molecular Medicine Springer Berlin Heidelberg 93/7(2015-07-01), 707-717 0946-2716 93:7<707 2015 93 109 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-015-1297-8 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence 1 review-article jats NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-015-1297-8 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Yang Zhen Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CCSR Building Rm 2225, 269 Campus Drive West, 94305-5166, Stanford, CA, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Goronzy Jörg Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CCSR Building Rm 2225, 269 Campus Drive West, 94305-5166, Stanford, CA, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Weyand Cornelia Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CCSR Building Rm 2225, 269 Campus Drive West, 94305-5166, Stanford, CA, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Journal of Molecular Medicine Springer Berlin Heidelberg 93/7(2015-07-01), 707-717 0946-2716 93:7<707 2015 93 109