caa a22 4500 606161554 CHVBK 20210128100635.0 cr unu---uuuuu 210128e20150601xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s10526-014-9647-y doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s10526-014-9647-y Development of benzimidazole resistant Trichoderma strains for the integration of chemical and biocontrol methods of grapevine pruning wound protection [Elektronische Daten] [Cheusi Mutawila, Francois Halleen, Lizel Mostert] In the protection of grapevine pruning wounds from trunk pathogen infection, fungicides provide mainly short term protection while biocontrol agents provide mainly long term protection. The integration of fungicide and biological wound protection could provide better wound protection, but is limited by the susceptibility of the biocontrol agents to the fungicides. Stable benzimidazole resistant mutants were generated by gamma irradiation (250Gy) from three wild-type Trichoderma Pers. isolates (UST1, UST2 and T77) shown to provide wound protection. The wild-type Trichoderma isolates were found to be naturally resistant to thiophanate methyl while mycelial growth was completely inhibited by 2.5μgml−1 of benomyl and carbendazim. There was no reduction in biological fitness and in vitro antagonist activity for mutants generated from UST1 and UST2 while the mutant from T77 had reduced fitness and antagonistic activity compared to its wild type. The wild type and the mutant of UST1 were further tested in the field and significantly (P<0.001) reduced pruning wound infection by Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (W. Gams, Crous, M.J. Wingf. & Mugnai) Crous & W. Gams, when applied alone and in combination with thiophanate methyl and carbendazim, respectively. The combination of the mutant UST1 with carbendazim gave the highest reduction of infection compared to the rest of the treatments when P. chlamydospora was inoculated 24h after pruning. The Trichoderma transformants generated in this study can be applied in combination with benzimidazole fungicides for a more effective and sustainable wound protection. International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC), 2014 Gamma irradiation nationallicence Biocontrol nationallicence Grapevine trunk diseases nationallicence Trichoderma atroviride nationallicence Mutawila Cheusi Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7600, Matieland, South Africa aut Halleen Francois Plant Protection Division, Agricultural Research Council Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, 7599, Stellenbosch, South Africa aut Mostert Lizel Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7600, Matieland, South Africa aut BioControl Springer Netherlands 60/3(2015-06-01), 387-399 1386-6141 60:3<387 2015 60 10526 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-014-9647-y text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-014-9647-y text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Mutawila Cheusi Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7600, Matieland, South Africa aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Halleen Francois Plant Protection Division, Agricultural Research Council Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, 7599, Stellenbosch, South Africa aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Mostert Lizel Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7600, Matieland, South Africa aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- BioControl Springer Netherlands 60/3(2015-06-01), 387-399 1386-6141 60:3<387 2015 60 10526