caa a22 4500 606162224 CHVBK 20210128100638.0 cr unu---uuuuu 210128e20150101xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s10291-014-0376-6 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s10291-014-0376-6 Combined BDS, Galileo, QZSS and GPS single-frequency RTK [Elektronische Daten] [Robert Odolinski, Peter Teunissen, Dennis Odijk] We will focus on single-frequency single-baseline real-time kinematic (RTK) combining four Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) satellite systems. We will combine observations from the Chinese BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS), European Galileo, American Global Positioning System (GPS) and the Japanese Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS). To further strengthen the underlying model, attention will be given to overlapping frequencies between the systems. If one can calibrate the inter-system biases, a common pivot satellite between the respective systems can be used to parameterize double-differenced ambiguities. The LAMBDA method is used for ambiguity resolution. The instantaneous (single-epoch) single-frequency RTK performance is evaluated by a formal as well as an empirical analysis, consisting of ambiguity dilution of precision (ADOP), bootstrapped and integer least-squares success rates and positioning precisions. The time-to-correct-fix in some particular cases when instantaneous RTK is not possible will also be analyzed. To simulate conditions with obstructed satellite visibility or when low-elevation multipath is present, various elevation cut-off angles between 10 and 40° will be used. Four days of real data are collected in Perth, Western Australia. It will be shown that the four-system RTK model allows for improved integer ambiguity resolution and positioning performance over the single-, dual- or triple-systems, particularly for higher cut-off angles. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2014 Inter-system biases (ISBs) nationallicence Real-time kinematic (RTK) nationallicence Multi-global navigation satellite system (GNSS) nationallicence Integer ambiguity resolution nationallicence LAMBDA nationallicence Odolinski Robert GNSS Research Centre, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, 6845, Perth, WA, Australia aut Teunissen Peter GNSS Research Centre, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, 6845, Perth, WA, Australia aut Odijk Dennis GNSS Research Centre, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, 6845, Perth, WA, Australia aut GPS Solutions Springer Berlin Heidelberg 19/1(2015-01-01), 151-163 1080-5370 19:1<151 2015 19 10291 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-014-0376-6 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-014-0376-6 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Odolinski Robert GNSS Research Centre, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, 6845, Perth, WA, Australia aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Teunissen Peter GNSS Research Centre, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, 6845, Perth, WA, Australia aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Odijk Dennis GNSS Research Centre, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, 6845, Perth, WA, Australia aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- GPS Solutions Springer Berlin Heidelberg 19/1(2015-01-01), 151-163 1080-5370 19:1<151 2015 19 10291