caa a22 4500 606162593 CHVBK 20210128100640.0 cr unu---uuuuu 210128e20150401xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s10291-014-0386-4 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s10291-014-0386-4 Systematic errors of mapping functions which are based on the VMF1 concept [Elektronische Daten] [Florian Zus, Galina Dick, Jan Dousa, Jens Wickert] Precise global navigation satellite system (GNSS) positioning requires an accurate mapping function (MF) to model the tropospheric delay. To date, the most accurate MF is the Vienna mapping function 1 (VMF1). It utilizes data from a numerical weather model and therefore captures the short-term variability of the atmosphere. Still, the VMF1, or any other MF that is based on the VMF1 concept, is a parameterized mapping approach, and this means that it is tuned for specific elevation angles, station heights, and orbital altitudes. In this study, we analyze the systematic errors caused by such tuning on a global scale. We find that, in particular, the parameterization of the station height dependency is a major concern regarding the application in complex terrain or airborne applications. At this time, we do not provide an improved parameterized mapping approach to mitigate the systematic errors but instead we propose a (ultra-) rapid direct mapping approach, the so-called Potsdam mapping factors (PMFs). Since for any station-satellite link the ratio of the tropospheric delay in the slant and zenith direction is computed directly, the PMFs effectively eliminate the systematic errors. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2014 Precise positioning nationallicence Numerical weather model nationallicence Mapping functions nationallicence Rapid direct mapping nationallicence Zus Florian GPS/Galileo Earth Observation, Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ), Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany aut Dick Galina GPS/Galileo Earth Observation, Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ), Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany aut Dousa Jan New Technologies for Information Society (NTIS), Research Institute of Geodesy, Topography and Cartography, Ustecka 98, 250 66, Zdiby, Czech Republic aut Wickert Jens GPS/Galileo Earth Observation, Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ), Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany aut GPS Solutions Springer Berlin Heidelberg 19/2(2015-04-01), 277-286 1080-5370 19:2<277 2015 19 10291 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-014-0386-4 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-014-0386-4 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Zus Florian GPS/Galileo Earth Observation, Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ), Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Dick Galina GPS/Galileo Earth Observation, Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ), Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Dousa Jan New Technologies for Information Society (NTIS), Research Institute of Geodesy, Topography and Cartography, Ustecka 98, 250 66, Zdiby, Czech Republic aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Wickert Jens GPS/Galileo Earth Observation, Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ), Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- GPS Solutions Springer Berlin Heidelberg 19/2(2015-04-01), 277-286 1080-5370 19:2<277 2015 19 10291