caa a22 4500 60616295X CHVBK 20210128100641.0 cr unu---uuuuu 210128e20150801xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s11062-015-9540-z doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s11062-015-9540-z Central Action of Botulinum Toxin Type A - Is It Possible? [Elektronische Daten] [M. Galazka, D. Soszynski, K. Dmitruk] Botulinum toxin (BoTx) is a product of gram-positive anaerobic bacteria of the Clostridium genus. At present, seven serotypes (A to G) of BoTx have been identified. Each of them functions as a zincdependent endopeptidase that hydrolyzes peptide bonds within soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attaching protein receptors. BoTx affects proteins required for neurotransmitter release through presynaptic membranes. As a result, muscle weakness develops, or complete paralysis of the muscles occurs. These effects are not only limited to striated muscles but also may have impact on smooth muscles and secretory glands. The observation that BoTx can diffuse from the site of administration may indicate the possibility of direct or indirect influence of the toxin on the CNS. Consequently, the question arises: What is the mechanism of the central action of BoTx? Several mechanisms of such action have been proposed. However, recent findings showed that the most probable mechanism responsible for the central effects of BoTx action is its anterograde transport. In this review, we describe and discuss the most important aspects related to BoTx action on the CNS. Springer Science+Business Media New York, 2015 botulinum toxin (BoTx) nationallicence proteins of the SNARE complex nationallicence neurotransmitters nationallicence effeects on the CNS nationallicence anterograde transport nationallicence antinociceptive effect nationallicence Galazka M. Department of Physiology: Neuroimmunology Unit, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Bydgoszcz, Poland aut Soszynski D. Department of Physiology: Neuroimmunology Unit, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Bydgoszcz, Poland aut Dmitruk K. Department of Physiology: Human Physiology Unit, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Bydgoszcz, Poland aut Neurophysiology Springer US; http://www.springer-ny.com 47/4(2015-08-01), 326-336 0090-2977 47:4<326 2015 47 11062 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11062-015-9540-z text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11062-015-9540-z text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Galazka M. Department of Physiology: Neuroimmunology Unit, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Bydgoszcz, Poland aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Soszynski D. Department of Physiology: Neuroimmunology Unit, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Bydgoszcz, Poland aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Dmitruk K. Department of Physiology: Human Physiology Unit, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Bydgoszcz, Poland aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Neurophysiology Springer US; http://www.springer-ny.com 47/4(2015-08-01), 326-336 0090-2977 47:4<326 2015 47 11062