caa a22 4500 606164979 CHVBK 20210128100651.0 cr unu---uuuuu 210128e20150401xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s10144-014-0468-8 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s10144-014-0468-8 Adaptive defense of pests and switching predation can improve biological control by multiple natural enemies [Elektronische Daten] [Yusuke Ikegawa, Hideo Ezoe, Toshiyuki Namba] One of the most important questions in biological control is whether multiple natural enemies can provide greater suppression of agricultural pests than a single best enemy. Intraguild predation (IGP) among natural enemies has often been invoked to explain failure of biological control by multiple enemies, and classical theoretical studies on IGP have supported this view. However, empirical studies are inconclusive and have yielded both positive and negative results. We extend classical models by considering anti-predator behavior of pests and diet switching of omnivorous natural enemies, and examine their effects on pest control. We assume that the pest can adaptively allocate effort toward the specific defense against each predator, and that the omnivorous natural enemy can consume disproportionately more of the relatively abundant prey (switching predation) by type III functional responses to prey items. The model predicts that adaptive defense augments pests but favors introduction of multiple natural enemies for controlling pests if IGP is weak. In contrast, switching predation does not make pest control by multiple natural enemies advantageous as in classical studies, in the absence of adaptive defense. However, switching predation reduces the necessity of defense by the pest against the omnivore and offsets the effect of adaptive defense. Thus, it makes the introduction of multiple natural enemies advantageous for pest control when the pest employs adaptive defense even if IGP is strong. These results suggest that types and combinations of behavior of prey and predators may greatly affect qualitative outcomes of biological control by multiple natural enemies. The Society of Population Ecology and Springer Japan, 2014 Diet switching nationallicence Intraguild predation nationallicence Pest control nationallicence Specialized defense nationallicence Ikegawa Yusuke Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho 1-1, Naka-Ku, 599-8531, Sakai, Japan aut Ezoe Hideo Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho 1-1, Naka-Ku, 599-8531, Sakai, Japan aut Namba Toshiyuki Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho 1-1, Naka-Ku, 599-8531, Sakai, Japan aut Population Ecology Springer Japan 57/2(2015-04-01), 381-395 1438-3896 57:2<381 2015 57 10144 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10144-014-0468-8 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10144-014-0468-8 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Ikegawa Yusuke Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho 1-1, Naka-Ku, 599-8531, Sakai, Japan aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Ezoe Hideo Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho 1-1, Naka-Ku, 599-8531, Sakai, Japan aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Namba Toshiyuki Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho 1-1, Naka-Ku, 599-8531, Sakai, Japan aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Population Ecology Springer Japan 57/2(2015-04-01), 381-395 1438-3896 57:2<381 2015 57 10144