caa a22 4500 606169423 CHVBK 20210128100712.0 cr unu---uuuuu 210128e20151001xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s10098-015-0923-z doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s10098-015-0923-z Evolution of NO x and SO2 emissions in Spain: ceilings versus taxes [Elektronische Daten] [Diego García-Gusano, Helena Cabal, Yolanda Lechón] Even though significant NO x and SO2 emissions reductions have been observed in Spain during last decade, there is a strong commitment to keep reducing the levels of pollution in order to improve air quality standards. This work has been carried out to ease the lack of National Emission Ceilings Directive (NECD) assessments at country level. The Spanish case has been used as illustrative of the European Union. The evolution of NO x and SO2 emissions has been analysed in depth using the TIMES-Spain energy optimisation model. The work has been structured into three parts. First, the implementation of the NECD and the consequences both on the evolution of NO x and SO2 emissions, and the electricity production mix; second, taxation on these pollutants has been modelled and discussed; and finally, the proposed "2013 EU Clean Air Package” ceilings to update NECD have been assessed. Results showed that meeting NECD targets would involve a high contribution of renewable sources to the electricity system, mainly wind and solar. In addition, NO x and SO2 taxation has been assessed. Results showed that taxes on pollutants led to lower emissions than using NECD. Hence, current ceilings are not strict enough to internalise all the environmental damages associated to those pollutants. In consequence, the suitability of the NECD has been discussed by means of the new ceilings included in the EU Clean Air Policy Package. Results showed that proposed reductions are insufficient to compensate the environmental damages especially in the short term. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2015 NEC Directive nationallicence Taxes nationallicence TIMES nationallicence NO x nationallicence SO2 nationallicence García-Gusano Diego Energy Systems Analysis Unit, Energy Department, Research Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT), Av. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain aut Cabal Helena Energy Systems Analysis Unit, Energy Department, Research Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT), Av. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain aut Lechón Yolanda Energy Systems Analysis Unit, Energy Department, Research Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT), Av. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain aut Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy Springer Berlin Heidelberg 17/7(2015-10-01), 1997-2011 1618-954X 17:7<1997 2015 17 10098 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-015-0923-z text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-015-0923-z text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- García-Gusano Diego Energy Systems Analysis Unit, Energy Department, Research Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT), Av. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Cabal Helena Energy Systems Analysis Unit, Energy Department, Research Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT), Av. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Lechón Yolanda Energy Systems Analysis Unit, Energy Department, Research Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT), Av. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy Springer Berlin Heidelberg 17/7(2015-10-01), 1997-2011 1618-954X 17:7<1997 2015 17 10098