caa a22 4500 606170766 CHVBK 20210128100719.0 cr unu---uuuuu 210128e20150201xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s10098-014-0805-9 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s10098-014-0805-9 Wind turbine rotor fragments: impact probability and setback evaluation [Elektronische Daten] [Scott Larwood, C. van Dam] With increasing installation of wind turbines, the exposure to the hazard of impact from blade fragments increases. Local authorities use setbacks to reduce the risk by limiting the distance from wind turbines to adjacent property lines and dwellings. Unduly conservative setbacks are a deterrent to wind energy development. To determine appropriate setbacks, the authors developed a fragment trajectory model based on fragment rotation and aerodynamics. The model was used to simulate fragment trajectories at various rotor speeds, with randomly generated inputs for wind speed, wind direction, rotor azimuth, and rotor break position. Four sizes of wind turbines were studied, with rated power of 750 kW, 1.5, 3 and 5 MW. A sensitivity analysis showed that a fragment trajectory is highly dependent on the input parameters. However, for multiple trajectories from a given turbine and rotor speed, the sensitivity of the impact probability to most inputs was negligible. The results indicate that the range increased with turbine rating and rotor speed. When the range was normalized by overall turbine height, the probability of impact at a particular normalized range decreases with turbine rating. Planning agencies use the normalized range for setbacks, and the results indicate that using a common setback for all turbine sizes would be reasonable. Existing setback standards of 2-3 overall turbine heights offer better than 1 in 1,000,000 probability of impact per year; however, setbacks approaching 1 turbine height will have an order of magnitude higher probability of impact. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2014 Wind energy nationallicence Permitting nationallicence Hazards nationallicence Larwood Scott University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, USA aut van Dam C. University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA aut Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy Springer Berlin Heidelberg 17/2(2015-02-01), 475-484 1618-954X 17:2<475 2015 17 10098 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-014-0805-9 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-014-0805-9 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Larwood Scott University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- van Dam C. University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy Springer Berlin Heidelberg 17/2(2015-02-01), 475-484 1618-954X 17:2<475 2015 17 10098