caa a22 4500 606175474 CHVBK 20210128100743.0 cr unu---uuuuu 210128e20150401xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s00018-014-1800-3 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s00018-014-1800-3 Intracellular signaling mechanisms of the melanocortin receptors: current state of the art [Elektronische Daten] [Adriana Rodrigues, Henrique Almeida, Alexandra Gouveia] The melanocortin system is composed by the agonists adrenocorticotropic hormone and α, β and γ-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and two naturally occurring antagonists, agouti and agouti-related protein. These ligands act by interaction with a family of five melanocortin receptors (MCRs), assisted by MCRs accessory proteins (MRAPs). MCRs stimulation activates different signaling pathways that mediate a diverse array of physiological processes, including pigmentation, energy metabolism, inflammation and exocrine secretion. This review focuses on the regulatory mechanisms of MCRs signaling, highlighting the differences among the five receptors. MCRs signal through G-dependent and independent mechanisms and their functional coupling to agonists at the cell surface is regulated by interacting proteins, namely MRAPs and β-arrestins. The knowledge of the distinct modulation pattern of MCRs signaling and function may be helpful for the future design of novel drugs able to combine specificity, safety and effectiveness in the course of their therapeutic use. Springer Basel, 2014 Melanocortins nationallicence G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) nationallicence Signaling pathways nationallicence β-Arrestins nationallicence ERK1/2 nationallicence Rodrigues Adriana Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal aut Almeida Henrique Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal aut Gouveia Alexandra Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal aut Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences Springer Basel 72/7(2015-04-01), 1331-1345 1420-682X 72:7<1331 2015 72 18 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-014-1800-3 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence 1 review-article jats NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-014-1800-3 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Rodrigues Adriana Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Almeida Henrique Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Gouveia Alexandra Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences Springer Basel 72/7(2015-04-01), 1331-1345 1420-682X 72:7<1331 2015 72 18