caa a22 4500 606175563 CHVBK 20210128100743.0 cr unu---uuuuu 210128e20150601xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s00018-015-1860-z doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s00018-015-1860-z Opportunistic yeast pathogens: reservoirs, virulence mechanisms, and therapeutic strategies [Elektronische Daten] [Elizabeth Polvi, Xinliu Li, Teresa O'Meara, Michelle Leach, Leah Cowen] Life-threatening invasive fungal infections are becoming increasingly common, at least in part due to the prevalence of medical interventions resulting in immunosuppression. Opportunistic fungal pathogens of humans exploit hosts that are immunocompromised, whether by immunosuppression or genetic predisposition, with infections originating from either commensal or environmental sources. Fungal pathogens are armed with an arsenal of traits that promote pathogenesis, including the ability to survive host physiological conditions and to switch between different morphological states. Despite the profound impact of fungal pathogens on human health worldwide, diagnostic strategies remain crude and treatment options are limited, with resistance to antifungal drugs on the rise. This review will focus on the global burden of fungal infections, the reservoirs of these pathogens, the traits of opportunistic yeast that lead to pathogenesis, host genetic susceptibilities, and the challenges that must be overcome to combat antifungal drug resistance and improve clinical outcome. Springer Basel, 2015 Opportunistic nationallicence Fungi nationallicence Yeast nationallicence Pathogen nationallicence Candida nationallicence Cryptococcus nationallicence Histoplasma nationallicence Pneumocystis nationallicence ABPA : Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis nationallicence APECED : Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy nationallicence cAMP : Cyclic AMP nationallicence CDC : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention nationallicence CGD : Chronic granulomatous disease nationallicence CLR : C-type lectin receptors nationallicence CMC : Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis nationallicence CNS : Central nervous system nationallicence COPD : Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease nationallicence CRP : C-reactive protein nationallicence ECM : Extracellular matrix nationallicence GUT : Gastrointestinally induced transition nationallicence GXM : Glucuronoxylomannan nationallicence GXMGal : Glucuronoxylomannogalactan nationallicence HAART : Highly active antiretroviral therapies nationallicence HIES : Hyper-IgE syndrome nationallicence HSP : Heat shock protein nationallicence IFN-γ : Interferon-γ nationallicence IL : Interleukin nationallicence IRIS : Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome nationallicence MPO : Myeloperoxidase nationallicence MR : Mannose receptors nationallicence NF-κB : Nuclear factor-κB nationallicence NO : Nitric oxide nationallicence PAMP : Pathogen-associated molecular pattern nationallicence PCP : Pneumocystis pneumonia nationallicence PKA : Protein kinase A nationallicence PKC : Protein kinase C nationallicence PRR : Pattern recognition receptors nationallicence SAP : Secreted aspartyl proteinase nationallicence TGF-β : Transforming growth factor-β nationallicence TLR : Toll-like receptors nationallicence TNF-α : Tumor necrosis factor-α nationallicence Treg cell : Regulatory T cell nationallicence VVC : Vulvovaginal candidiasis nationallicence Polvi Elizabeth Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 4368, M5S 1A8, Toronto, ON, Canada aut Li Xinliu Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 4368, M5S 1A8, Toronto, ON, Canada aut O'Meara Teresa Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 4368, M5S 1A8, Toronto, ON, Canada aut Leach Michelle Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 4368, M5S 1A8, Toronto, ON, Canada aut Cowen Leah Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 4368, M5S 1A8, Toronto, ON, Canada aut Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences Springer Basel 72/12(2015-06-01), 2261-2287 1420-682X 72:12<2261 2015 72 18 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-015-1860-z text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence 1 review-article jats NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-015-1860-z text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Polvi Elizabeth Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 4368, M5S 1A8, Toronto, ON, Canada aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Li Xinliu Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 4368, M5S 1A8, Toronto, ON, Canada aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- O'Meara Teresa Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 4368, M5S 1A8, Toronto, ON, Canada aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Leach Michelle Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 4368, M5S 1A8, Toronto, ON, Canada aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Cowen Leah Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 4368, M5S 1A8, Toronto, ON, Canada aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences Springer Basel 72/12(2015-06-01), 2261-2287 1420-682X 72:12<2261 2015 72 18