caa a22 4500 606177264 CHVBK 20210128100751.0 cr unu---uuuuu 210128e20151101xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s00018-015-1995-y doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s00018-015-1995-y Macrophage polarization in pathology [Elektronische Daten] [Antonio Sica, Marco Erreni, Paola Allavena, Chiara Porta] Macrophages are cells of the innate immunity constituting the mononuclear phagocyte system and endowed with remarkable different roles essential for defense mechanisms, development of tissues, and homeostasis. They derive from hematopoietic precursors and since the early steps of fetal life populate peripheral tissues, a process continuing throughout adult life. Although present essentially in every organ/tissue, macrophages are more abundant in the gastro-intestinal tract, liver, spleen, upper airways, and brain. They have phagocytic and bactericidal activity and produce inflammatory cytokines that are important to drive adaptive immune responses. Macrophage functions are settled in response to microenvironmental signals, which drive the acquisition of polarized programs, whose extremes are simplified in the M1 and M2 dichotomy. Functional skewing of monocyte/macrophage polarization occurs in physiological conditions (e.g., ontogenesis and pregnancy), as well as in pathology (allergic and chronic inflammation, tissue repair, infection, and cancer) and is now considered a key determinant of disease development and/or regression. Here, we will review evidence supporting a dynamic skewing of macrophage functions in disease, which may provide a basis for macrophage-centered therapeutic strategies. Springer Basel, 2015 Macrophage polarization nationallicence Inflammation nationallicence Tissue homeostasis nationallicence Tissue damage nationallicence Disease nationallicence Sica Antonio Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro”, via Bovio 6, Novara, Italy aut Erreni Marco Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Milan, Rozzano, Italy aut Allavena Paola Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Milan, Rozzano, Italy aut Porta Chiara Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro”, via Bovio 6, Novara, Italy aut Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences Springer Basel 72/21(2015-11-01), 4111-4126 1420-682X 72:21<4111 2015 72 18 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-015-1995-y text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence 1 review-article jats NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-015-1995-y text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Sica Antonio Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro”, via Bovio 6, Novara, Italy aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Erreni Marco Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Milan, Rozzano, Italy aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Allavena Paola Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Milan, Rozzano, Italy aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Porta Chiara Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro”, via Bovio 6, Novara, Italy aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences Springer Basel 72/21(2015-11-01), 4111-4126 1420-682X 72:21<4111 2015 72 18