caa a22 4500 606193634 CHVBK 20210128100910.0 cr unu---uuuuu 210128e20150901xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s10682-015-9775-6 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s10682-015-9775-6 The evolution of mutualism from reciprocal parasitism: more ecological clothes for the Prisoner's Dilemma [Elektronische Daten] [Janis Antonovics, Joana Bergmann, Stefan Hempel, Erik Verbruggen, Stavros Veresoglou, Matthias Rillig] Many mutualisms involve reciprocal exploitation, such that each species in a mutualism is a consumer of a resource provided by the other. Frequently, such mutualisms are reformed each generation, and where they involve close physiological contact, such as between mycorrhizal fungi and plants, they can be considered as examples of reciprocal parasitism. Here we place such interactions in the framework of the Prisoner's Dilemma, and examine the conditions for the spread of mutualism using a population genetics model analogous to that used for understanding the genetic and numerical dynamics of host-parasite interactions. Genetic variants within each of two species determine whether the interaction is mutualistic or selfish, the latter being represented by resistance to being exploited or parasitized. We assume that there are fitness costs to resistance which are present even in the absence of the interaction. Just as in host-parasite interactions, we examine the effect of assuming that encounter rates between potential mutualists (and therefore entry into the Prisoner's Dilemma ‘game') depend on the density and frequency of the different types interacting individuals. These elements of ecological realism greatly facilitate the evolution of mutualism even in the absence of spatial structure or iterative encounters. Moreover, stable genetic polymorphisms for resistant (selfish) and susceptible (mutualistic) alleles can be maintained, something that is not possible with the classical Prisoner's Dilemma formulation. The sensitivity of the outcomes to levels of density-dependence and mortality rate suggests environmental as well as genetic processes are likely to be important in determining directions in this pathway to mutualism. Springer International Publishing Switzerland, 2015 Defection nationallicence Co-operation nationallicence Cheating nationallicence Symbiosis nationallicence Genetic polymorphism nationallicence Disease resistance nationallicence Pair formation nationallicence Antonovics Janis Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany aut Bergmann Joana Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany aut Hempel Stefan Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany aut Verbruggen Erik Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany aut Veresoglou Stavros Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany aut Rillig Matthias Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany aut Evolutionary Ecology Springer International Publishing 29/5(2015-09-01), 627-641 0269-7653 29:5<627 2015 29 10682 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10682-015-9775-6 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10682-015-9775-6 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Antonovics Janis Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Bergmann Joana Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Hempel Stefan Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Verbruggen Erik Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Veresoglou Stavros Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Rillig Matthias Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Evolutionary Ecology Springer International Publishing 29/5(2015-09-01), 627-641 0269-7653 29:5<627 2015 29 10682