caa a22 4500 606199934 CHVBK 20210128100941.0 cr unu---uuuuu 210128e20151201xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s10653-015-9695-y doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s10653-015-9695-y Bioavailability of heavy metals in soils: definitions and practical implementation—acritical review [Elektronische Daten] [Rog-Young Kim, Jeong-Ki Yoon, Tae-Seung Kim, Jae Yang, Gary Owens, Kwon-Rae Kim] Worldwide regulatory frameworks for the assessment and remediation of contaminated soils have moved towards a risk-based approach, taking contaminant bioavailability into consideration. However, there is much debate on the precise definition of bioavailability and on the standardization of methods for the measurement of bioavailability so that it can be reliably applied as a tool for risk assessment. Therefore, in this paper, we reviewed the existing definitions of heavy metal bioavailability in relation to plant uptake (phytoavailability), in order to better understand both the conceptual and operational aspects of bioavailability. The related concepts of specific and non-specific adsorption, as well as complex formation and organic ligand affinity were also intensively discussed to explain the variations of heavy metal solubility and mobility in soils. Further, the most frequently used methods to measure bioavailable metal soil fractions based on both chemical extractions and mechanistic geochemical models were reviewed. For relatively highly mobile metals (Cd, Ni, and Zn), a neutral salt solution such as 0.01M CaCl2 or 1M NH4NO3 was recommended, whereas a strong acid or chelating solution such as 0.43M HNO3 or 0.05M DTPA was recommended for strongly soil-adsorbed and less mobile metals (Cu, Cr, and Pb). While methods which assessed the free metal ion activity in the pore water such as DGT and DMT or WHAM/Model VI, NICA-Donnan model, and TBLM are advantageous for providing a more direct measure of bioavailability, few of these models have to date been properly validated. Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht, 2015 Bioaccessibility nationallicence Free metal ion activity nationallicence Phytoavailability nationallicence Mobility nationallicence Specific adsorption nationallicence Complex formation nationallicence Kim Rog-Young Soil and Groundwater Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42 Hwangyong-ro, 404-708, Inchon, Republic of Korea aut Yoon Jeong-Ki Soil and Groundwater Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42 Hwangyong-ro, 404-708, Inchon, Republic of Korea aut Kim Tae-Seung Soil and Groundwater Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42 Hwangyong-ro, 404-708, Inchon, Republic of Korea aut Yang Jae Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehak-gil, 200-701, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea aut Owens Gary Environmental Contaminants Group, Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, 5095, Mawson Lakes, SA, Australia aut Kim Kwon-Rae Department of Agronomy and Medicinal Plant Resources, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, 660-758, Jinju, Republic of Korea aut Environmental Geochemistry and Health Springer Netherlands 37/6(2015-12-01), 1041-1061 0269-4042 37:6<1041 2015 37 10653 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-015-9695-y text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-015-9695-y text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Kim Rog-Young Soil and Groundwater Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42 Hwangyong-ro, 404-708, Inchon, Republic of Korea aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Yoon Jeong-Ki Soil and Groundwater Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42 Hwangyong-ro, 404-708, Inchon, Republic of Korea aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Kim Tae-Seung Soil and Groundwater Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, 42 Hwangyong-ro, 404-708, Inchon, Republic of Korea aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Yang Jae Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehak-gil, 200-701, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Owens Gary Environmental Contaminants Group, Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, 5095, Mawson Lakes, SA, Australia aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Kim Kwon-Rae Department of Agronomy and Medicinal Plant Resources, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, 660-758, Jinju, Republic of Korea aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Environmental Geochemistry and Health Springer Netherlands 37/6(2015-12-01), 1041-1061 0269-4042 37:6<1041 2015 37 10653