caa a22 4500 606200134 CHVBK 20210128100942.0 cr unu---uuuuu 210128e20150801xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s10653-015-9720-1 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s10653-015-9720-1 Air pollution and public health: emerging hazards and improved understanding of risk [Elektronische Daten] [Frank Kelly, Julia Fussell] Despite past improvements in air quality, very large parts of the population in urban areas breathe air that does not meet European standards let alone the health-based World Health Organisation Air Quality Guidelines. Over the last 10years, there has been a substantial increase in findings that particulate matter (PM) air pollution is not only exerting a greater impact on established health endpoints, but is also associated with a broader number of disease outcomes. Data strongly suggest that effects have no threshold within the studied range of ambient concentrations, can occur at levels close to PM2.5 background concentrations and that they follow a mostly linear concentration-response function. Having firmly established this significant public health problem, there has been an enormous effort to identify what it is in ambient PM that affects health and to understand the underlying biological basis of toxicity by identifying mechanistic pathways—information that in turn will inform policy makers how best to legislate for cleaner air. Another intervention in moving towards a healthier environment depends upon the achieving the right public attitude and behaviour by the use of optimal air pollution monitoring, forecasting and reporting that exploits increasingly sophisticated information systems. Improving air quality is a considerable but not an intractable challenge. Translating the correct scientific evidence into bold, realistic and effective policies undisputedly has the potential to reduce air pollution so that it no longer poses a damaging and costly toll on public health. The Author(s), 2015 PM toxicity nationallicence Emerging risks nationallicence Public awareness nationallicence Air quality communication nationallicence Kelly Frank NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Facility of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, SE1 9NH, London, UK aut Fussell Julia NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Facility of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, SE1 9NH, London, UK aut Environmental Geochemistry and Health Springer Netherlands 37/4(2015-08-01), 631-649 0269-4042 37:4<631 2015 37 10653 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-015-9720-1 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-015-9720-1 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Kelly Frank NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Facility of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, SE1 9NH, London, UK aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Fussell Julia NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Facility of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, SE1 9NH, London, UK aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Environmental Geochemistry and Health Springer Netherlands 37/4(2015-08-01), 631-649 0269-4042 37:4<631 2015 37 10653