caa a22 4500 606202773 CHVBK 20210128100954.0 cr unu---uuuuu 210128e20150701xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s00429-014-0789-6 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s00429-014-0789-6 Acquisition of Paleolithic toolmaking abilities involves structural remodeling to inferior frontoparietal regions [Elektronische Daten] [E. Hecht, D. Gutman, N. Khreisheh, S. Taylor, J. Kilner, A. Faisal, B. Bradley, T. Chaminade, D. Stout] Human ancestors first modified stones into tools 2.6 million years ago, initiating a cascading increase in technological complexity that continues today. A parallel trend of brain expansion during the Paleolithic has motivated over 100years of theorizing linking stone toolmaking and human brain evolution, but empirical support remains limited. Our study provides the first direct experimental evidence identifying likely neuroanatomical targets of natural selection acting on toolmaking ability. Subjects received MRI and DTI scans before, during, and after a 2-year Paleolithic toolmaking training program. White matter fractional anisotropy (FA) showed changes in branches of the superior longitudinal fasciculus leading into left supramarginal gyrus, bilateral ventral precentral gyri, and right inferior frontal gyrus pars triangularis. FA increased from Scan 1-2, a period of intense training, and decreased from Scan 2-3, a period of reduced training. Voxel-based morphometry found a similar trend toward gray matter expansion in the left supramarginal gyrus from Scan 1-2 and a reversal of this effect from Scan 2-3. FA changes correlated with training hours and with motor performance, and probabilistic tractography confirmed that white matter changes projected to gray matter changes and to regions that activate during Paleolithic toolmaking. These results show that acquisition of Paleolithic toolmaking skills elicits structural remodeling of recently evolved brain regions supporting human tool use, providing a mechanistic link between stone toolmaking and human brain evolution. These regions participate not only in toolmaking, but also in other complex functions including action planning and language, in keeping with the hypothesized co-evolution of these functions. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2014 Diffusion tensor imaging nationallicence Plasticity nationallicence Tool use nationallicence Brain evolution nationallicence Language nationallicence Superior longitudinal fasciculus nationallicence Hecht E. Department of Anthropology, Emory University, 1557 Dickey Drive, Room 114, 30322, Atlanta, GA, USA aut Gutman D. Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, USA aut Khreisheh N. Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Laver Building, North Park Road, EX4 4QE, Exeter, UK aut Taylor S. Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Royal School of Mines Building, Prince Consort Rd, SW7 2AZ, London, UK aut Kilner J. The Sobell Department of Movement Neuroscience and Motor Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, London, UK aut Faisal A. Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Royal School of Mines Building, Prince Consort Rd, SW7 2AZ, London, UK aut Bradley B. Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Laver Building, North Park Road, EX4 4QE, Exeter, UK aut Chaminade T. Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone UMR 7289, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, 13385, Marseille, France aut Stout D. Department of Anthropology, Emory University, 1557 Dickey Drive, Room 114, 30322, Atlanta, GA, USA aut Brain Structure and Function Springer Berlin Heidelberg 220/4(2015-07-01), 2315-2331 1863-2653 220:4<2315 2015 220 429 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-014-0789-6 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-014-0789-6 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Hecht E. Department of Anthropology, Emory University, 1557 Dickey Drive, Room 114, 30322, Atlanta, GA, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Gutman D. Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Khreisheh N. Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Laver Building, North Park Road, EX4 4QE, Exeter, UK aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Taylor S. Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Royal School of Mines Building, Prince Consort Rd, SW7 2AZ, London, UK aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Kilner J. The Sobell Department of Movement Neuroscience and Motor Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, London, UK aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Faisal A. Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Royal School of Mines Building, Prince Consort Rd, SW7 2AZ, London, UK aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Bradley B. Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Laver Building, North Park Road, EX4 4QE, Exeter, UK aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Chaminade T. Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone UMR 7289, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, 13385, Marseille, France aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Stout D. Department of Anthropology, Emory University, 1557 Dickey Drive, Room 114, 30322, Atlanta, GA, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Brain Structure and Function Springer Berlin Heidelberg 220/4(2015-07-01), 2315-2331 1863-2653 220:4<2315 2015 220 429