caa a22 4500 606208372 CHVBK 20210128101022.0 cr unu---uuuuu 210128e20151101xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s00425-015-2361-x doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s00425-015-2361-x Switch from heterotrophy to autotrophy of apple cotyledons depends on NO signal [Elektronische Daten] [Urszula Krasuska, Karolina Dębska, Katarzyna Otulak, Renata Bogatek, Agnieszka Gniazdowska] Main conclusion : NO accelerates transition of germinated embryos from heterotrophy to autotrophy by stimulation of chloroplasts maturation. NO-mediated autotrophy of apple seedlings correlates to increased content of RuBisCO small subunit and improvement of parameters of chlorophyll a fluorescence. Nitric oxide (NO) acts as signaling molecule involved in regulation of various physiological processes in plants, although its involvement in cotyledons greening is poorly recognized. To identify the importance of NO signal for plant growth and development we investigated the effects of short-term application of NO at various developmental stages of seedlings of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) on cotyledons' chlorophyll a to b ratio, chlorophyll a fluorescence, photosynthetic activity, carbohydrates and RuBisCO both subunits content. NO-dependent biochemical alterations were linked to cytological observation of developing plastids in cotyledons of apple plants. Abnormal plantlets developing from dormant apple embryos are characterized by anatomical malformations of cotyledons. Short-term pre-treatment with NO of isolated embryos or seedlings with developmental anomalies resulted in formation of plants with cotyledons of equal size and chlorophyll content; these responses were blocked by NO scavenger. NO independently of time point of application accelerated embryos transition from heterotrophy to autotrophy by stimulation of photosynthetic activity, improvement of parameters of chlorophyll a fluorescence (F v/F m, F v/F 0) and increased content of RuBisCO small subunit. Further analysis showed that NO application modified glucose and hydrogen peroxide concentration in cotyledons. Beneficial effect of NO on development of seedlings without any abnormalities was manifested at ultrastructural level by decline in amount of proplastids and induction of formation and maturation of chloroplasts. Our data suggest that progress of autotrophy of young seedlings is governed by NO acting as stimulator of chloroplast-to-nucleus signaling. The Author(s), 2015 Chlorophyll a fluorescence nationallicence Photosynthesis nationallicence ROS nationallicence RuBisCO nationallicence Seed dormancy nationallicence Sugars nationallicence cPTIO : 2-(4-Carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide nationallicence ROS : Reactive oxygen species nationallicence RuBisCO : Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase nationallicence SNAP : S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine nationallicence SNP : Sodium nitroprusside nationallicence Krasuska Urszula Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland aut Dębska Karolina Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland aut Otulak Katarzyna Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland aut Bogatek Renata Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland aut Gniazdowska Agnieszka Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland aut Planta Springer Berlin Heidelberg 242/5(2015-11-01), 1221-1236 0032-0935 242:5<1221 2015 242 425 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-015-2361-x text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-015-2361-x text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Krasuska Urszula Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Dębska Karolina Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Otulak Katarzyna Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Bogatek Renata Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Gniazdowska Agnieszka Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Planta Springer Berlin Heidelberg 242/5(2015-11-01), 1221-1236 0032-0935 242:5<1221 2015 242 425