caa a22 4500 606218939 CHVBK 20210128101115.0 cr unu---uuuuu 210128e20150501xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s11104-015-2388-6 doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s11104-015-2388-6 Enhanced concentrations of elements and secondary metabolites in Viola tricolor L. induced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi [Elektronische Daten] [Szymon Zubek, Kaja Rola, Agnieszka Szewczyk, Marta Majewska, Katarzyna Turnau] Background and Aims: Viola tricolor L. (heartsease, wild pansy) is a valuable medicinal plant obtained for pharmaceutical purposes by cultivation. Given that the species is usually strongly colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), we tested in a pot experiment whether these microorganisms were able to influence V. tricolor mass, vitality, and the concentrations of selected elements, phenolic acids and flavonoids. Methods: The following treatments were prepared: (1) control: sterile soil without AMF inoculation; (2) Rhizophagus irregularis BEG144; (3) Funneliformis mosseae BEG12; and (4) both isolates. Using a combination of physiological, phytochemical and biophysical methods, we evaluated the effects of these AMF on the performance of heartsease. Results: The intensity of mycorrhizal colonization and arbuscule formation was higher when F. mosseae and R. irregularis were introduced separately than when both isolates were present. None of the AMF treatments had an impact either on V. tricolor vitality as expressed by photosynthetic performance index (PI) or on its shoot and root mass. However, in general, a negative correlation was found between the extent of mycorrhizal colonization and shoot mass. We found AMF species specificities in their influence on element, phenolic acid and flavonoid concentrations. Viola tricolor showed no response to F. mosseae. The plants inoculated with R. irregularis had higher concentrations of P, Zn, Mg, and Ca, as well as p-hydroxybenzoic acid and rutin, in comparison to control. Dual AMF species inoculation increased concentrations of Cu, Mg and rutin. Conclusions: The enhanced production of secondary metabolites in V. tricolor shoots may be due to improved mineral nutrition by AMF and/or a result of general plant defense reaction to fungal colonization. The tendency towards biomass decrease in AMF treatments could be explained by the allocation of plant carbon both to the maintenance of symbionts and enhanced production of secondary compounds. The Author(s), 2015 Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) nationallicence Fungal species specificity nationallicence Flavonoids nationallicence Heartsease nationallicence Phenolic acids nationallicence Wild pansy nationallicence Zubek Szymon Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 27, 31-501, Kraków, Poland aut Rola Kaja Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 27, 31-501, Kraków, Poland aut Szewczyk Agnieszka Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland aut Majewska Marta Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 27, 31-501, Kraków, Poland aut Turnau Katarzyna Institute of Environmental Sciences and Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland aut Plant and Soil Springer International Publishing 390/1-2(2015-05-01), 129-142 0032-079X 390:1-2<129 2015 390 11104 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-015-2388-6 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-015-2388-6 text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Zubek Szymon Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 27, 31-501, Kraków, Poland aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Rola Kaja Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 27, 31-501, Kraków, Poland aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Szewczyk Agnieszka Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Majewska Marta Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 27, 31-501, Kraków, Poland aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Turnau Katarzyna Institute of Environmental Sciences and Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Plant and Soil Springer International Publishing 390/1-2(2015-05-01), 129-142 0032-079X 390:1-2<129 2015 390 11104