caa a22 4500 606233830 CHVBK 20210128101234.0 cr unu---uuuuu 210128e20150401xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s11010-014-2312-z doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s11010-014-2312-z Remote ischemic preconditioning for myocardial protection: update on mechanisms and clinical relevance [Elektronische Daten] [Rabia Gill, Robin Kuriakose, Zachary Gertz, Fadi Salloum, Lei Xi, Rakesh Kukreja] Ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of death for both men and women worldwide, accruing 7.4 million deaths in 2012. There has been a continued search for better cardioprotective modalities that would reduce myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Among these attempts, a more convenient model of ischemic preconditioning, known as remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) was first introduced in 1993 by Przyklenk and colleagues who reported that brief regional occlusion-reperfusion episodes in one vascular bed of the heart render protection to remote myocardial tissue. Subsequently, major advances in myocardial RIPC came with the use of skeletal muscle as the ischemic stimulus. To date, numerous studies have revealed that RIPC applied to the kidney, liver, mesentery, and skeletal muscle, have all exhibited cardioprotective effects. The main purpose of this review article is to summarize the new advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of RIPC during the past 5years, including those related to capsaicin-activated C sensory fibers, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, connexin 43, extracellular vesicles, microRNA-144, microRNA-1, and nitrite. In addition, we have discussed results from several recent human clinical trials with RIPC. Taken together, the emerging clinical evidence supports the concept that the effectiveness of RIPC paired with its low-cost and non-invasive features makes it an ideal treatment before reperfusion after sustained ischemia. More carefully designed studies are warranted to fully exploit the clinical benefits of RIPC and its potential implications in patients with cardiovascular disease. Springer Science+Business Media New York, 2015 Ischemia-reperfusion nationallicence Cardioprotection nationallicence Remote preconditioning nationallicence Myocardial infarction nationallicence Translational therapy nationallicence Signal transduction nationallicence Gill Rabia Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 East Marshall Street, Room 7-020D, Box 980204, 23298-0204, Richmond, VA, USA aut Kuriakose Robin Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 East Marshall Street, Room 7-020D, Box 980204, 23298-0204, Richmond, VA, USA aut Gertz Zachary Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 East Marshall Street, Room 7-020D, Box 980204, 23298-0204, Richmond, VA, USA aut Salloum Fadi Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 East Marshall Street, Room 7-020D, Box 980204, 23298-0204, Richmond, VA, USA aut Xi Lei Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 East Marshall Street, Room 7-020D, Box 980204, 23298-0204, Richmond, VA, USA aut Kukreja Rakesh Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 East Marshall Street, Room 7-020D, Box 980204, 23298-0204, Richmond, VA, USA aut Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Springer US; http://www.springer-ny.com 402/1-2(2015-04-01), 41-49 0300-8177 402:1-2<41 2015 402 11010 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-014-2312-z text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence 1 review-article jats NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-014-2312-z text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Gill Rabia Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 East Marshall Street, Room 7-020D, Box 980204, 23298-0204, Richmond, VA, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Kuriakose Robin Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 East Marshall Street, Room 7-020D, Box 980204, 23298-0204, Richmond, VA, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Gertz Zachary Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 East Marshall Street, Room 7-020D, Box 980204, 23298-0204, Richmond, VA, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Salloum Fadi Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 East Marshall Street, Room 7-020D, Box 980204, 23298-0204, Richmond, VA, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Xi Lei Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 East Marshall Street, Room 7-020D, Box 980204, 23298-0204, Richmond, VA, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Kukreja Rakesh Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 East Marshall Street, Room 7-020D, Box 980204, 23298-0204, Richmond, VA, USA aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Springer US; http://www.springer-ny.com 402/1-2(2015-04-01), 41-49 0300-8177 402:1-2<41 2015 402 11010