caa a22 4500 606245073 CHVBK 20210128101333.0 cr unu---uuuuu 210128e20150601xx s 000 0 eng 10.1007/s12567-015-0087-z doi (NATIONALLICENCE)springer-10.1007/s12567-015-0087-z 3D camera technology trade-off and breadboard demonstration for space applications [Elektronische Daten] [Julien Christy, Preben Bohn, Henrik Schumann-Olsen, Andrea Biggio, Steeve Kowaltschek] In previous decades, the vision-based navigation problem based on 2D imaging has been largely studied and applied in space, for rendezvous and docking, as well as rover navigation, or entry, descent and landing. By providing measurement of the third dimension (range), 3D camera technology looks a promising alternative for many applications. Stereoscopic camera is one option to measure the third coordinate, but relies on significant CPU capabilities, which are generally not available for space applications. Scanning LIDAR (LIght detection and ranging) is also an existing solution, but it is relatively large and heavy and the refresh rate, lifetime and reliability are mainly determined by moving parts. 3D time-of-flight (TOF) technology (including flash LIDARs) offers a reliable alternative. By illuminating a whole scene at a time and thus providing a whole array image, there is no need for complex processing nor moving mechanisms, which clearly appears as an advantage for space applications. This paper presents the ongoing study conducted under ESA contract in the field of 3D TOF technology. Its goal is to evaluate the suitability of a 3D TOF camera for space applications, to derive requirements and a preliminary design, and finally to create and test a breadboard model. Performance budget, cost, and a development plan of a versatile spatialized 3D TOF camera are also outputs of the study, in addition to a high-fidelity simulator, allowing further studies by generating representative images and depth maps. To fulfill this project, a European team has been created, gathering Thales Alenia Space, Terma and SINTEF. CEAS, 2015 Camera nationallicence Time-of-flight nationallicence Flash LIDAR nationallicence Pulsed nationallicence Gate nationallicence Sensor nationallicence Space nationallicence AM/CW : Amplitude-modulated continuous wave nationallicence ATV : Automated transfer vehicle nationallicence BJT : Bipolar junction transistor nationallicence BRDF : Bidirectional reflectance distribution function nationallicence CDR : Critical design review nationallicence COTS : Component off-the-shelf nationallicence CS : Calibration surface nationallicence DEM : Digital elevation map nationallicence DoF : Degrees of freedom nationallicence EDL : Entry, descent and landing nationallicence EGSE : Electrical ground support equipment nationallicence eGaN® : Enhancement-mode gallium-nitride nationallicence ESA : European space agency nationallicence FET : Field-effect transistor nationallicence FM : Flight model nationallicence FOI : Field of illumination nationallicence FOV : Field of view nationallicence HFOV : Horizontal field of view nationallicence HTV : H-II transfer vehicle nationallicence I/F : Interface nationallicence LIDAR : LIght detection and ranging nationallicence LOS : Line of sight nationallicence LDPD : Lateral drift-field photodiode nationallicence LED : Light-emitting diode nationallicence MOSFET : Metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor nationallicence MSR : Mars sample return nationallicence N/A : Not applicable nationallicence NEO : Near Earth object nationallicence PLD : Pulsed laser diode nationallicence PCB : Printed circuit board nationallicence RFS : Radio frequency sensor nationallicence SBI : Suppression of background illumination nationallicence SNR : Signal-to-noise ratio nationallicence SpiCam : Spacecraft and planetary imaging by camera modeling nationallicence TAS-F : Thales Alenia Space France nationallicence TAS-I : Thales Alenia Space Italy nationallicence TOF : Time-of-flight nationallicence TRL : Technology readiness level nationallicence Christy Julien Thales Alenia Space France, 5 Allée des Gabians, 06150, Cannes La Bocca, France aut Bohn Preben Terma, Vasekaer 12, 2730, Herlev, Denmark aut Schumann-Olsen Henrik SINTEF, Forskningsveien 1, 0314, Oslo, Norway aut Biggio Andrea Thales Alenia Space Italy, Strada Antica di Collegno 253, 10146, Turin, Italy aut Kowaltschek Steeve ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2200 AG, Noordwijk, The Netherlands aut CEAS Space Journal Springer Vienna 7/2(2015-06-01), 219-236 1868-2502 7:2<219 2015 7 12567 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12567-015-0087-z text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI BK010053 XK010053 XK010000 Metadata rights reserved Springer special CC-BY-NC licence nationallicence 1 research-article jats NATIONALLICENCE NATIONALLICENCE NL-springer NATIONALLICENCE 856 40 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12567-015-0087-z text/html Onlinezugriff via DOI NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Christy Julien Thales Alenia Space France, 5 Allée des Gabians, 06150, Cannes La Bocca, France aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Bohn Preben Terma, Vasekaer 12, 2730, Herlev, Denmark aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Schumann-Olsen Henrik SINTEF, Forskningsveien 1, 0314, Oslo, Norway aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Biggio Andrea Thales Alenia Space Italy, Strada Antica di Collegno 253, 10146, Turin, Italy aut NATIONALLICENCE 700 1- Kowaltschek Steeve ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2200 AG, Noordwijk, The Netherlands aut NATIONALLICENCE 773 0- CEAS Space Journal Springer Vienna 7/2(2015-06-01), 219-236 1868-2502 7:2<219 2015 7 12567